THE TRUTH
-ROBERT G. INGERSOLL
I. Through millions of ages, by countless efforts to satisfy his wants, to gratify his passions,
his appetites, man slowly developed his brain, changed two of his feet into hands and forced
into the darkness of his brain a few gleams and glimmerings of reason. He was hindered by
ignorance, by fear, by mistakes, and he advanced only as he found the truth -- the absolute
facts. Through countless years he has groped and crawled and struggled and climbed and
stumbled toward the light. He has been hindered and delayed and deceived by augurs and
prophets -- by popes and priests. He has been betrayed by saints, misled by apostles and
Christs, frightened by devils and ghosts -- enslaved by chiefs and kings -- robbed by altars and
thrones. In the name of education his mind has been filled with mistakes, with miracles, and
lies, with the impossible, the absurd and infamous. In the name of religion he has been taught
humility and arrogance, love and hatred, forgiveness and revenge.
But the world is changing. We are tired of barbarian bibles and savage creeds.
Nothing is greater, nothing is of more importance, than to find amid the errors and darkness of
this life, a shining truth.
Truth is the intellectual wealth of the world.
The noblest of occupations is to search for truth.
Truth is the foundation, the superstructure, and the glittering dome of progress.
Truth is the mother of joy. Truth civilizes, ennobles, and purifies. The grandest ambition that
can enter the soul is to know the truth.
Truth gives man the greatest power for good. Truth is sword and shield. It is the sacred light
of the soul.
The man who finds a truth lights a torch.
HOW TRUTH IS TO BE FOUND?
By investigation, experiment and reason.
Every human being should be allowed to investigate to the extent of his desire -- his ability.
The literature of the world should be open to him -- nothing prohibited, sealed or hidden. No
subject can be too sacred to be understood. Each person should be allowed to reach his own
conclusions and to speak his honest thought.
He who threatens the investigator with punishment here, or hereafter, is an enemy of the
human race. And he who tries to bribe the investigator with the promise of eternal joy is a
traitor to his fellow-men.
There is no real investigation without freedom -- freedom from the fear of gods and men.
So, all investigation -- all experiment -- should be pursued in the light of reason.
Every man should be true to himself -- true to the inward light. Each man, in the laboratory of
his own mind, and for himself alone, should test the so-called facts -- the theories of all the
world. Truth, in accordance with his reason, should be his guide and master.
To love the truth, thus perceived, is mental virtue -- intellectual purity. This is true manhood.
This is freedom.
To throw away your reason at the command of churches, popes, parties, kings or gods, is to
be a serf, a slave.
It is not simply the right, but it is the duty of every man to think -- to investigate for himself --
and every man who tries to prevent this by force or fear, is doing all he can to degrade and
enslave his fellow-men.
EVERY MAN SHOULD BE MENTALLY HONEST-
He should preserve as his most precious jewel the perfect veracity of his soul.
He should examine all questions presented to his mind, without prejudice, -- unbiased by
hatred or love -- by desire or fear. His object and his only object should be to find the truth.
He knows, if he listens to reason, that truth is not dangerous and that error is. He should weigh
the evidence, the arguments, in honest scales -- scales that passion or interest cannot change.
He should care nothing for authority -- nothing for names, customs or creeds -- nothing for
anything that his reason does not say is true.
Of his world he should be the sovereign, and his soul should wear the purple. From his
dominions should be banished the hosts of force and fear.
HE SHOULD BE INTELLECTUALLY HOSPITABLE-
Prejudice, egotism, hatred, contempt, disdain, are the enemies of truth and progress.
The real searcher after truth will not receive the old because it is old, or reject the new because
it is new. He will not believe men because they are dead, or contradict them because they are
alive. With him an utterance is worth the truth, the reason it contains, without the slightest
regard to the author. He may have been a king or serf -- a philosopher or servant, -- but the
utterance neither gains nor loses in truth or reason. Its value is absolutely independent of the
fame or station of the man who gave it to the world.
Nothing but falsehood needs the assistance of fame and place, of robes and maitres, of tiaras
and crowns.
The wise, the really honest and intelligent, are not swayed or governed by numbers -- by
majorities.
They accept what they really believe to be true. They care nothing for the opinions of
ancestors, nothing for creeds, assertions and theories, unless they satisfy the reason.
In all directions they seek for truth, and when found, accept it with joy -- accept it in spite of
preconceived opinions -- in spite of prejudice and hatred.
This is the course pursued by wise and honest men, and no other course is possible for them.
In every department of human endeavor men are seeking for the truth -- for the facts. The
statesman reads the history of the world, gathers the statistics of all nations to the end that his
country may avoid the mistakes of the past. The geologist penetrates the rocks in search of
facts -- climbs mountains, visits the extinct craters, traverses islands and continents that he
may know something of the history of the world. He wants the truth.
The chemist, with crucible and retort, with countless experiments, is trying to find the qualities
of substances -- to ravel what nature has woven.
The great mechanics dwell in the realm of the real. They seek by natural means to conquer
and use the forces of nature. They want the truth -- the actual facts.
The physicians, the surgeons, rely on observation, experiment and reason. They become
acquainted with the human body -- with muscle, blood and nerve -- with the wonders of the
brain. They want nothing but the truth.
And so it is with the students of every science. On every hand they look for facts, and it is of
the utmost importance that they give to the world the facts they find.
Their courage should equal their intelligence. No matter what the dead have said, or the living
believe, they should tell what they know. They should have intellectual courage.
If it be good for man to find the truth -- good for him to be intellectually honest and hospitable,
then it is good for others to know the truths thus found.
Every man should have the courage to give his honest thought. This makes the finder and
publisher of truth a public benefactor.
Those who prevent, or try to prevent, the expression of honest thought, are the foes of
civilization -- the enemies of truth. Nothing can exceed the egotism and impudence of the man
who claims the right to express his thought and denies the same right to others.
It will not do to say that certain ideas are sacred, and that man has not the right to investigate
and test these ideas for himself.
Who knows that they are sacred? Can anything be sacred to us that we do not know to be
true?
For many centuries free speech has been an insult to God. Nothing has been more
blasphemous than the expression of honest thought. For many ages the lips of the wise were
sealed. The torches that truth had lighted, that courage carried and held aloft, were
extinguished with blood.
Truth has always been in favor of free speech -- has always asked to be investigated -- has
always longed to be known and understood. Freedom, discussion, honesty, investigation and
courage are the friends and allies of truth. Truth loves the light and the open field. It appeals to
the senses -- to the judgment, the reason, to all the higher and nobler faculties and powers of
the mind. It seeks to calm the passions, to destroy prejudice and to increase the volume and
intensity of reason's flame.
It does not ask man to cringe or crawl. It does not desire the worship of the ignorant or the
prayers and praises of the frightened. It says to every human being, "Think for yourself. Enjoy
the freedom of a god, and have the goodness and the courage to express your honest thought."
Why should we pursue the truth? and why should we investigate and reason? and why should
we be mentally honest and hospitable? and why should we express our honest thoughts? To
this there is but one answer: for the benefit of mankind.
The brain must be developed. The world must think. Speech must be free. The world must
learn that credulity is not a virtue and that no question is settled until reason is fully satisfied.
By these means man will overcome many of the obstructions of nature. He will cure or avoid
many diseases. He will lessen pain. He will lengthen, ennoble and enrich life. In every direction
he will increase his power. He will satisfy his wants, gratify his tastes. He will put roof and
raiment, food and fuel, home and happiness within the reach of all.
He will drive want and crime from the world. He will destroy the serpents of fear, the
monsters of superstition. He will become intelligent and free, honest and serene.
The monarch of the skies will be dethroned -- the flames of hell will be extinguished. Pious
beggars will become honest and useful men. Hypocrisy will collect no tolls from fear, lies will
not be regarded as sacred, this life will not be sacrificed for another, human beings will love
each other instead of gods, men will do right, not for the sake of reward in some other world,
but for the sake of happiness here. Man will find that Nature is the only revelation, and that
he, by his own efforts, must learn to read the stories told by star and cloud, by rock and soil,
by sea and stream, by rain and fire, by plant and flower, by life in all its curious forms, and all
the things and forces of the world.
When he reads these stories, these records, he will know that man must rely on himself -- that
the supernatural does not exist, and that man must be the providence of man.
It is impossible to conceive of an argument against the freedom of thought -- against
maintaining your self-respect and preserving the spotless and stainless veracity of the soul.
II. All that I have said seems to be true -- almost self-evident, -- and you may ask who it is
that says slavery is better than liberty. Let me tell you.
All the popes and priests, all the orthodox churches and clergymen, say that they have a
revelation from God.
The Protestants say that it is the duty of every person to read, to understand, and to believe
this revelation -- that a man should use his reason; but if he honestly concludes that the Bible
is not a revelation from God, and dies with that conclusion in his mind, he will be tormented
forever. They say: -- "Read," and then add: "Believe, or be damned."
"No matter how unreasonable the Bible may appear to you, you must believe. No matter how
impossible the miracles may seem, you must believe. No matter how cruel the laws, your heart
must approve them all!"
This is what the church calls the liberty of thought.
We read the Bible under the scowl and threat of God. We read by the glare of hell. On one
side is the devil, with the instruments of torture in his hands. On the other, God, ready to
launch the infinite curse. And the church says to the readers: "You are free to decide. God is
good, and he gives you the liberty to choose."
The popes and the priests say to the poor people: "You need not read the Bible. You cannot
understand it. That is the reason it is called a revelation. We will read it for you, and you must
believe what we say. We carry the key of hell. Contradict us and you will become eternal
convicts in the prison of God."
This is the freedom of the Catholic Church.
And all these priests and clergymen insist that the Bible is superior to human reason -- that it is
the duty of man to accept it -- to believe it, whether he really thinks it is true or not, and
without the slightest regard to evidence or reason.
It is his duty to cast out from the temple of his soul the goddess Reason, and bow before the
coiled serpent of Fear.
This is what the church calls virtue.
Under these conditions what can thought be worth? The brain, swept by the sirocco of God's
curse, becomes a desert.
But this is not all. To compel man to desert the standard of Reason, the church does not
entirely rely on the threat of eternal pain to be endured in another world, but holds out the
reward of everlasting joy.
To those who believe, it promises the endless ecstasies of heaven. If it cannot frighten, it will
bribe. It relies on fear and hope.
A religion, to command the respect of intelligent men, should rest on a foundation of
established facts. It should appeal, not to passion, not to hope and fear, but to the judgment. It
should ask that all the faculties of the mind, all the senses, should assemble and take counsel
together, and that its claims be passed upon and tested without prejudice, without fear, in the
calm of perfect candor.
But the church cries: "Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ and thou shalt be saved." Without this
belief there is no salvation. Salvation is the reward for belief.
Belief is, and forever must be, the result of evidence. A promised reward is not evidence. It
sheds no intellectual light. It establishes no fact, answers no objection, and dissipates no doubt.
Is it honest to offer a reward for belief?
The man who gives money to a judge or juror for a decision or verdict is guilty of a crime.
Why? Because he induces the judge, the juror, to decide, not according to the law, to the
facts, the right, but according to the bribe.
The bribe is not evidence.
So, the promise of Christ to reward those who will believe is a bribe. It is an attempt to make a
promise take the place of evidence. He who says that he believes, and does this for the sake of
the reward, corrupts his soul.
Suppose I should say that at the center of the earth there is a diamond one hundred miles in
diameter, and that I would give ten thousand dollars to any man who would believe my
statement. Could such a promise be regarded as evidence?
Intelligent people would ask not for rewards, but reasons. Only hypocrites would ask for the
money.
Yet, according to the New Testament, Christ offered a reward to those who would believe,
and this promised reward was to take the place of evidence. When Christ made this promise
he forgot, ignored, or held in contempt the rectitude of a brave, free and natural soul.
The declaration that salvation is the reward for belief is inconsistent with mental freedom, and
could have been made by no man who thought that evidence sustained the slightest relation to
belief.
Every sermon in which men have been told that they could save their souls by believing, has
been an injury. Such sermons dull the moral sense and subvert the true conception of virtue
and duty.
The true man, when asked to believe, asks for evidence. The true man, who asks another to
believe, offers evidence.
But this is not all.
In spite of the threat of eternal pain -- of the promise of everlasting joy, unbelievers increased,
and the churches took another step.
The churches said to the unbelievers, the heretics: "Although our God will punish you forever
in another world -- in his prison -- the doors of which open only to receive, we, unless you
believe, will torment you now."
And then the members of these churches, led by priests, popes, and clergymen, sought out
their unbelieving neighbors -- chained them in dungeons, stretched them on racks, crushed
their bones, cut out their tongues, extinguished their eyes, flayed them alive and consumed
their poor bodies in flames.
All this was done because these Christian savages believed in the dogma of eternal pain.
Because they believed that heaven was the reward for belief. So believing, they were the
enemies of free thought and speech -- they cared nothing for conscience, nothing for the
veracity of a soul, -- nothing for the manhood of a man. In all ages most priests have been
heartless and relentless. They have calumniated and tortured. In defeat they have crawled and
whined. In victory they have killed. The flower of pity never blossomed in their hearts and in
their brain. Justice never held aloft the scales. Now they are not as cruel. They have lost their
power, but they are still trying to accomplish the impossible. They fill their pockets with "fool's
gold" and think they are rich. They stuff their minds with mistakes and think they are wise.
They console themselves with legends and myths, have faith in fiction and forgery -- give their
hearts to ghosts and phantoms and seek the aid of the non-existent.
They put a monster -- a master -- a tyrant in the sky, and seek to enslave their fellow-men.
They teach the cringing virtues of serfs. They abhor the courage of manly men. They hate the
man who thinks. They long for revenge.
They warm their hands at the imaginary fires of hell.
I show them that hell does not exist and they denounce me for destroying their consolation.
Horace Greeley, as the story goes, one cold day went into a country store, took a seat by the
stove, unbuttoned his coat and spread out his hands.
In a few minutes, a little boy who clerked in the store said: "Mr. Greeley, there ain't no fire in
that stove."
"You d----d little rascal," said Greeley, "What did you tell me for, I was getting real warm."
III. THE SCIENCE OF THEOLOGY-
All the sciences -- except Theology -- are eager for facts -- hungry for the truth. On the brow
of a finder of a fact the laurel is placed.
In a theological seminary, if a professor finds a fact inconsistent with the creed, he must keep
it secret or deny it, or lose his place. Mental veracity is a crime, cowardice and hypocrisy are
virtues.
A fact, inconsistent with the creed, is denounced as a lie, and the man who declares or
announces the fact is a blasphemer. Every professor breathes the air of insincerity. Every one
is mentally dishonest. Every one is a pious fraud. Theology is the only dishonest science -- the
only one that is based on belief -- on credulity, -- the only one that abhors investigation, that
despises thought and denounces reason.
All the great theologians in the Catholic Church have denounced reason as the light furnished
by the enemy of mankind -- as the road that leads to perdition. All the great Protestant
theologians, from Luther to the orthodox clergy of our time, have been the enemies of reason.
All orthodox churches of all ages have been the enemies of science. They attacked the
astronomers as though they were criminals -- the geologists as though they were assassins.
They regarded physicians as the enemies of God -- as men who were trying to defeat the
decrees of Providence. The biologists, the anthropologists, the archaeologists, the readers of
ancient inscriptions, the delvers in buried cities, were all hated by the theologians. They were
afraid that these men might find something inconsistent with the Bible.
The theologians attacked those who studied other religions. They insisted that Christianity was
not a growth -- not an evolution -- but a revelation. They denied that it was in any way
connected with any natural religion.
The facts now show beyond all doubt that all religions came from substantially the same
source -- but there is not an orthodox Christian theologian who will admit the facts. He must
defend his creed -- his revelation. He cannot afford to be honest. He was not educated in an
honest school. He was not taught to be honest. He was taught to believe and to defend his
belief, not only against argument but against facts.
There is not a theologian in the whole world who can produce the slightest, the least particle of
evidence tending to show that the Bible is the inspired word of God.
Where is the evidence that the book of Ruth was written by an inspired man? Where is the
evidence that God is the author of the Song of Solomon? Where is the evidence that any
human being has been inspired? Where is the evidence that Christ was and is God? Where is
the evidence that the places called heaven and hell exist? Where is the evidence that a miracle
was ever wrought?
There is none.
Theology is entirely independent of evidence.
Where is the evidence that angels and ghosts -- that devils and gods exist? Have these beings
been seen or touched? Does one of our senses certify to their existence?
The theologians depend on assertions. They have no evidence. They claim that their inspired
book is superior to reason and independent of evidence.
They talk about probability -- analogy -- inferences -- but they present no evidence. They say
that they know that Christ lived, in the same way that they know that Caesar lived. They
might add that they know Moses talked with Jehovah on Sinai the same way they know that
Brigham Young talked with God in Utah. The evidence in both cases is the same, -- none in
either.
How do they prove that Christ rose from the dead? They find the account in a book. Who
wrote the book? They do not know. What evidence is this? None, unless all things found in
books are true.
It is impossible to establish one miracle except by another -- and that would have to be
established by another still, and so on without end. Human testimony is not sufficient to
establish a miracle. Each human being, to be really convinced, must witness the miracle for
himself.
They say that Christianity was established, proven to be true, by miracles wrought nearly two
thousand years ago. Not one of these miracles can be established except by impudent and
ignorant assertion -- except by poisoning and deforming the minds of the ignorant and the
young. To succeed, the theologians invade the cradle, the nursery. In the brain of innocence
they plant the seeds of superstition. They pollute the minds and imaginations of children. They
frighten the happy with threats of pain -- they soothe the wretched with gilded lies.
This perpetual insincerity stamps itself on the face -- affects every feature. We all know the
theological countenance, -- cold, unsympathetic, cruel, lighted with a pious smirk, -- no line of
laughter -- no dimpled mirth -- no touch of humor -- nothing human.
This face is a rebuke, a reprimand to natural joy. It says to the happy: "Beware of the dog" --
"Prepare for death." This face, like the fabled Gorgon, turns cheerfulness to stone. It is a
protest against pleasure -- a warning and a threat.
You see every soul is a sculptor that fashions the features, and in this way reveals itself.
Every thought leaves its impress.
The student of this science of theology must be taught in youth, -- in his mother's arms. These
lies must be sown and planted in his brain the first of all. He must be taught to believe, to
accept without question. He must be told that it is wicked to doubt, that it is sinful to inquire --
that Faith is a virtue and unbelief a crime.
In this way his mind is poisoned, paralyzed. On all other subjects he has liberty -- and in all
other directions he is urged to study and think. From his mother's arms he goes to the Sunday
school. His poor little mind is filled with miracles and wonders. He is told about a God who
made the world and who rewards and punishes. He is told that this God is the author of the
Bible -- that Christ is his son. He is told about original sin and the atonement, and he believes
what he hears. No reasons are given -- no facts -- no evidence is presented -- nothing but
assertion. If he asks questions, he is silenced by more solemn assertions and warned against
the devices of the evil one. Every Sunday school is a kind of inquisition where they torture and
deform the minds of children -- where they force their souls into Catholic or Protestant molds
-- and do all they can to destroy the originality, the individuality, and the veracity of the soul.
In the theological seminary the destruction is complete.
When the minister leaves the seminary, he is not seeking the truth. He has it. He has a
revelation from God, and he has a creed in exact accordance with that revelation. His business
is to stand by that revelation and to defend that creed. Arguments against the revelation and
the creed he will not read, he will not hear. All facts that are against his religion he will deny. It
is impossible for him to be candid. The tremendous "verities" of eternal joy, of everlasting pain
are in his creed, and they result from believing the false and denying the true.
Investigation is an infinite danger, unbelief is an infinite offence and deserves and will receive
infinite punishment. In the shadow of this tremendous "fact" his courage dies, his manhood is
lost, and in his fear he cries out that he believes, whether he does or not.
He says and teaches that credulity is safe and thought dangerous. Yet he pretends to be a
teacher -- a leader, one selected by God to educate his fellow-men.
These orthodox ministers have been the slanderers of the really great men of our century.
They denounced Lyell, the great geologist, for giving facts to the world. They hated and
belittled Humboldt, one of the greatest and most intellectual of the race. They ridiculed and
derided Darwin, the greatest naturalist, the keenest observer, the best judge of the value of a
fact, the most wonderful discoverer of truth that the world has produced.
In every orthodox pulpit stood a traducer of the greatest of scientists -- of one who filled the
world with intellectual light.
The church has been the enemy of every science, of every real thinker, and for many
centuries has used her power to prevent intellectual progress.
Ministers ought to be free. They should be the heralds of the ever coming day, but they are
the bats, the owls that inhabit ruins, that hate the light. They denounce honest men who
express their thoughts, as blasphemers, and do what they can to close their mouths. For their
Bible they ask the protection of law. They wish to be shielded from laughter by the
Legislature. They ask that the arguments of their opponents be answered by the courts. This is
the result of a due admixture of cowardice, hypocrisy and malice.
What valuable fact has been proclaimed from an orthodox pulpit? What ecclesiastical council
has added to the intellectual wealth of the world?
Many centuries ago the church gave to Christendom a code of laws, stupid, unphilosophic and
brutal to the last degree.
The church insists that it has made man merciful and just. Did it do this by torturing heretics --
by extinguishing their eyes -- by flaying them alive? Did it accomplish this result through the
Inquisition -- by the use of the thumb-screw, the rack and the fagot? Of what science has the
church been the friend and champion? What orthodox church has opened its doors to a
persecuted truth? Of what use has Christianity been to man?
They tell us that the church has been and is the friend of education. I deny it. The church
founded colleges not to educate men, but to make proselytes, converts, defenders. This was in
accordance with the instinct of self-preservation. No orthodox church ever was, or ever will be
in favor of real education. A Catholic is in favor of enough education to make a Catholic out of
a savage, and the Protestant is in favor of enough education to make a Protestant out of a
Catholic, but both are opposed to the education that makes free and manly men.
So, ministers say that they teach charity. This is natural. They live on alms. All beggars teach
that others should give.
So, they tell us that the church has built hospitals. This is not true. Men have not built
hospitals because they were Christians, but because they were men. They have not built them
for charity -- but in self-defence.
If a man comes to your door with the smallpox, you cannot let him in, you cannot kill him. As
a necessity, you provide a place for him. And you do this to protect yourself. With this
Christianity has had nothing to do.
The church cannot give, because it does not produce. It is claimed that the church has made
men and women forgiving. I admit that the church has preached forgiveness, but it has never
forgiven an enemy -- never. Against the great and brave thinkers it has coined and circulated
countless lies. Never has the church told, or tried to tell, the truth about an honest foe.
The church teaches the existence of the supernatural. It believes in the divine sleight-of-hand --
in the "presto" and "open sesame" of the Infinite; in some invisible Being who produces effects
without causes and causes without effects; whose caprice governs the world and who can be
persuaded by prayer, softened by ceremony, and who will, as a reward for faith, save men
from the natural consequences of their actions.
The church denies the eternal, inexorable sequence of events.
WHAT GOOD HAS THE CHURCH ACCOMPLISHED?
It claims to have preached peace because its founder said, "I came not to bring peace but a
sword."
It claims to have preserved the family because its founder offered a hundred-fold here and life
everlasting to those who would desert wife and children.
So, it claims to have taught the brotherhood of man and that the gospel is for all the world,
because Christ said to the woman of Samaria that he came only to the lost sheep of the house
of Israel, and declared that it was not meet to take the bread of the children and cast it unto
dogs.
In the name of Christ, who threatened eternal revenge. It has preached forgiveness.
OF WHAT USE ARE THE ORTHODOX MINISTERS?
They are the enemies of pleasure. They denounce dancing as one of the deadly sins. They are
shocked at the wickedness of the waltz -- the pollution of the polka. They are the enemies of
the theater. They slander actors and actresses. They hate them because they are rivals. They
are trying to preserve the sacredness of the Sabbath. It fills them with malice to see the people
happy on that day. They preach against excursions and picnics -- against those who seek the
woods and the sea, the shadows and the waves. They are filled with holy wrath against
bicycles and bloomers. They are opposed to divorces. They insist that for the glory of God,
husbands and wives who loathe each other should be compelled to live together. They abhor
all works of fiction, and love the Bible. They declare that the literary master-pieces of the
world are unfit to be read. They think that the people should be satisfied with sermons and
poems about death and hell. They hate art -- abhor the marbles of the Greeks, and all
representations of the human form. They want nothing painted or sculptured but hands, faces
and clothes. Most of the priests are prudes, and publicly denounce what they secretly admire
and enjoy. In the presence of the nude they cover their faces with their holy hands, but keep
their fingers apart. They pretend to believe in moral suasion, and want everything regulated by
law. If they had the power, they would prohibit everything that men and women really enjoy.
They want libraries, museums and art galleries closed on the Sabbath. They would abolish the
Sunday paper -- stop the running of cars and all public conveyances on the holy day, and
compel all the people to enjoy sermons, prayers and psalms.
These dear ministers, when they have poor congregations, thunder against trusts, syndicates,
and corporations -- against wealth, fashion and luxury. They tell about Dives and Lazarus,
paint rich men in hell and beggars in heaven. If their congregations are rich they turn their guns
in the other direction.
They have no confidence in education -- in the development of the brain. They appeal to
hopes and fears. They ask no one to think -- to investigate. They insist that all shall believe.
Credulity is the greatest of virtues, and doubt the deadliest of sins.
These men are the enemies of science -- of intellectual progress. They ridicule and calumniate
the great thinkers. They deny everything that conflicts with the "sacred Scriptures." They still
believe in the astronomy of Joshua and the geology of Moses. They believe in the miracles of
the past, and deny the demonstrations of the present. They are the foes of facts -- the enemies
of knowledge. A desire to be happy here, they regard as wicked and worldly -- but a desire to
be happy in another world, as virtuous and spiritual.
Every orthodox church is founded on mistake and falsehood. Every good orthodox minister
asserts what he does not know, and denies what he does know.
WHAT ARE THE ORTHODOX CLERGY DOING FOR THE GOOD OF
MANKIND?
Absolutely nothing.
What harm are they doing?
On every hand they sow the seeds of superstition. They paralyze the minds, and pollute the
imaginations of children. They fill their hearts with fear. By their teachings, thousands become
insane. With them, hypocrisy is respectable and candor infamous. They enslave the minds of
men. Under their teachings men waste and misdirect their energies, abandon the ends that can
be accomplished, dedicate their lives to the impossible, worship the unknown, pray to the
inconceivable, and become the trembling slaves of a monstrous myth born of ignorance and
fashioned by the trembling hands of fear.
Superstition is the serpent that crawls and hisses in every Eden and fastens its poisonous fangs
in the hearts of men.
It is the deadliest foe of the human race.
Superstition is a beggar -- a robber, a tyrant.
Science is a benefactor.
Superstition sheds blood.
Science sheds light.
The dear preachers must give up the account of creation -- the Garden of Eden, the mud-man,
the rib-woman, and the walking, talking, snake. They must throw away the apple, the fall of
man, the expulsion, and the gate guarded by angels armed with swords. They must give up the
flood and the tower of Babel and the confusion of tongues. They must give up Abraham and
the wrestling match between Jacob and the Lord. So, the story of Joseph, the enslavement of
the Hebrews by the Egyptians, the story of Moses in the bulrushes, the burning bush, the
turning of sticks into serpents, of water into blood, the miraculous creation of frogs, the killing
of cattle with hail and changing dust into lice, all must be given up. The sojourn of forty years
in the desert, the opening of the Red Sea, the clothes and shoes that refused to wear out, the
manna, the quails and the serpents, the water that ran up hill, the talking of Jehovah with
Moses face to face, the giving of the Ten Commandments, the opening of the earth to swallow
the enemies of Moses -- all must be thrown away.
These good preachers must admit that blowing horns could not throw down the walls of a city,
that it was horrible for Jephthah to sacrifice his daughter, that the day was not lengthened and
the moon stopped for the sake of Joshua, that the dead Samuel was not raised by a witch, that
a man was not carried to heaven in a chariot of fire, that the river Jordan was not divided by
the stroke of a cloak, that the bears did not destroy children for laughing at a prophet, that a
wandering soothsayer did not collect lightnings from heaven to destroy the lives of innocent
men, that he did not cause rain and make iron float, that ravens did not keep a hotel where
preachers got board and lodging free, that the shadow on a dial was not turned back ten
degrees to show that a king was going to recover from a boil, that Ezekiel was not told by God
how to prepare a dinner, that Jonah did not take cabin passage in a fish -- and that all the
miracles in the old Testament are not allegories, or poems, but just old-fashioned lies. And the
dear preachers will be compelled to admit that there never was a miraculous babe without a
natural father, that Christ, if he lived, was a man and nothing more. That he did not cast devils
out of folks -- that he did not cure blindness with spittle and clay, nor turn water into wine, nor
make fishes and loaves of bread out of nothing -- that he did not know where to catch fishes
with money in their mouths -- that he did not take a walk on the water -- that he did not at will
become invisible -- that he did not pass through closed doors -- that he did not raise the dead --
that angels never rolled stones from a sepulchre -- that Christ did not rise from the dead and
did not ascend to heaven.
All these mistakes and illusions and delusions -- all these miracles and myths must fade from
the minds of intelligent men.
My dear preachers, I beg you to tell the truth. Tell your congregations that Moses was not the
author of the Pentateuch. Tell them that nobody knows who wrote the five books. Tell them
that Deuteronomy was not written until about six hundred years before Christ. Tell them that
nobody knows who wrote Joshua, or Judges, or Ruth, Samuel, Kings, or Chronicles, Job, or
the Psalms, or the Song of Solomon. Be honest, tell the truth. Tell them that nobody knows
who wrote Esther -- that Ecclesiastes was written long after Christ -- that many of the
prophecies were written after the events pretended to be foretold had happened. Tell them that
Ezekiel and Daniel were insane. Tell them that nobody knows who wrote the gospels, and tell
them that no line about Christ written by a contemporary has been found. Tell them it is all
guess -- and may be, and perhaps. Be honest. Tell the truth, develop your brains, use all your
senses and hold high the torch of Reason.
In a few years the pulpits will be filled with teachers instead of preachers -- with thoughtful
brave, and honest men. The congregations will be civilized -- intellectually honest and
hospitable.
Now, most of the ministers insist that the old falsehoods shall be treated with reverence -- that
ancient lies with long white beards -- wrinkled and bald-headed frauds -- round-shouldered and
toothless miracles, and palsied mistakes on crutches, shall be called allegories, parables,
oriental imagery, inspired poems. In their presence the ungodly should remove their hats. They
should respect the mould and moss of antiquity. They should remember that these lies, these
frauds, the miracles and mistakes, have for thousands of years ruled, enslaved, and corrupted
the human race.
These ministers ought to know that their creeds are based on imagined facts and demonstrated
by assertion.
They ought to know that they have no evidence, -- nothing but promises and threats. They
ought to know that it is impossible to conceive of force existing without and before matter --
that it is equally impossible to conceive of matter without force -- that it is impossible to
conceive of the creation or destruction of matter or force, -- that it is impossible to conceive of
infinite intelligence dwelling from eternity in infinite space, and that it is impossible to conceive
of the creator, or creation, of substance.
The God of the Christian is an enthroned guess -- a perhaps -- an inference.
No man, and no body of men, can answer the questions of the Whence and Whither. The
mystery of existence cannot be explained by the intellect of man.
Back of life, of existence, we cannot go -- beyond death we cannot see. All duties, all
obligations, all knowledge, all experience, are for this life, for this world.
We know that men and women and children exist. We know that happiness, for the most part,
depends on conduct.
We are satisfied that all the gods are phantoms and that the supernatural does not exist.
We know the difference between hope and knowledge, we hope for happiness here and we
dream of joy hereafter, but we do not know. We cannot assert, we can only hope. We can
have our dream. In the wide night our star can shine and shed its radiance on the graves of
those we love. We can bend above our pallid dead and say that beyond this life there are no
sighs -- no tears -- no breaking hearts.
CONCLUSION-
Let us be honest. Let us preserve the veracity of our souls. Let education commence in the
cradle -- in the lap of the loving mother. This is the first school. The teacher, the mother,
should be absolutely honest.
The nursery should not be an asylum for lies.
Parents should be modest enough to be truthful -- honest enough to admit their ignorance.
Nothing should be taught as true that cannot be demonstrated.
Every child should be taught to doubt, to inquire, to demand reasons. Every soul should
defend itself -- should be on its guard against falsehood, deceit, and mistake, and should
beware of all kinds of confidence men, including those in the pulpit.
Children should be taught to express their doubts -- to demand reasons. The object of
education should be to develop the brain, to quicken the senses. Every school should be a
mental gymnasium. The child should be equipped for the battle of life. Credulity, implicit
obedience, are the virtues of slaves and the enslaves of the free. All should be taught that there
is nothing too sacred to be investigated -- too holy to be understood.
Each mind has the right to lift all curtains, withdraw all veils, scale all walls, explore all
recesses, all heights, all depths for itself, in spite of church or priest, or creed or book.
The great volume of Nature should be open to all. None but the intelligent and honest can
really read this book. Prejudice clouds and darkens every page. Hypocrisy reads and
misquotes, and credulity accepts the quotation. Superstition cannot read a line or spell the
shortest word. And yet this volume holds all knowledge, all truth, and is the only source of
thought. Mental liberty means the right of all to read this book. Here the Pope and Peasant are
equal. Each must read for himself -- and each ought honestly and fearlessly to give to his
fellow-men what he learns.
There is no authority in churches or priests -- no authority in numbers or majorities. The only
authority is Nature -- the facts we know. Facts are the masters, the enemies of the ignorant,
the servants and friends of the intelligent.
Ignorance is the mother of mystery and misery, of superstition and sorrow, of waste and want.
Intelligence is the only light. It enables us to keep to the highway, to avoid the obstructions,
and to take advantage of the forces of nature. It is the only lever capable of raising mankind.
To develop the brain is to civilize the world. Intelligence reeves the heavens of winged and
frightful monsters -- drives ghosts and leering fiends from the darkness, and floods with light
the dungeons of fear.
All should be taught that there is no evidence of the existence of the supernatural -- that the
man who bows before an idol of wood or stone is just as foolish as the one who prays to an
imagined God, -- that all worship has for its foundation the same mistake -- the same
ignorance, the same fear -- that it is just as foolish to believe in a personal god as in a personal
devil -- just as foolish to believe in great ghosts as little ones.
So, all should be taught that the forces, the facts in Nature, cannot be controlled or changed by
prayer or praise, by supplication, ceremony, or sacrifice; that there is no magic, no miracle;
that force can be overcome only by force, and that the whole world is natural.
All should be taught that man must protect himself -- that there is no power superior to Nature
that cares for man -- that Nature has neither pity nor hatred -- that her forces act without the
slightest regard for man -- that she produces without intention and destroys without regret.
All should be taught that usefulness is the bud and flower and fruit of real religion. The popes
and cardinals, the bishops, priests and parsons are all useless. They produce nothing. They live
on the labor of others. They are parasites that feed on the frightened. They are vampires that
suck the blood of honest toil. Every church is an organized beggar. Every one lives on alms --
on alms collected by force and fear. Every orthodox church promises heaven and threatens
hell, and these promises and threats are made for the sake of alms, for revenue. Every church
cries: "Believe and give."
A new era is dawning on the world. We are beginning to believe in the religion of usefulness.
The men who felled the forests, cultivated the earth, spanned the rivers with bridges of steel,
built the railways and canals, the great ships, invented the locomotives and engines, supplying
the countless wants of man: the men who invented the telegraphs and cables, and freighted the
electric spark with thought and love; the men who invented the looms and spindles that clothe
the world, the inventors of printing and the great presses that fill the earth with poetry, fiction
and fact, that save and keep all knowledge for the children yet to be; the inventors of all the
wonderful machines that deftly mold from wood and steel the things we use; the men who
have explored the heavens and traced the orbits of the stars -- who have read the story of the
world in mountain range and billowed sea; the men who have lengthened life and conquered
pain; the great philosophers and naturalists who have filled the world with light; the great poets
whose thoughts have charmed the souls, the great painters and sculptors who have made the
canvas speak, the marble live; the great orators who have swayed the world, the composers
who have given their souls to sound, the captains of industry, the producers, the soldiers who
have battled for the right, the vast host of useful men -- these are our Christs, our apostles and
our saints. The triumphs of science are our miracles. The books filled with the facts of Nature
are our sacred scriptures, and the force that is in every atom and in every star -- in everything
that lives and grows and thinks, that hopes and suffers, is the only possible god.
The absolute we cannot know -- beyond the horizon of the Natural we cannot go. All our
duties are within our reach -- all our obligations must be discharged here, in this world. Let us
love and labor. Let us wait and work. Let us cultivate courage and cheerfulness -- open our
hearts to the good -- our minds to the true. Let us live free lives. Let us hope that the future
will bring peace and joy to all the children of men, and above all, let us preserve the veracity
of our souls.
-ROBERT G. INGERSOLL
I. Through millions of ages, by countless efforts to satisfy his wants, to gratify his passions,
his appetites, man slowly developed his brain, changed two of his feet into hands and forced
into the darkness of his brain a few gleams and glimmerings of reason. He was hindered by
ignorance, by fear, by mistakes, and he advanced only as he found the truth -- the absolute
facts. Through countless years he has groped and crawled and struggled and climbed and
stumbled toward the light. He has been hindered and delayed and deceived by augurs and
prophets -- by popes and priests. He has been betrayed by saints, misled by apostles and
Christs, frightened by devils and ghosts -- enslaved by chiefs and kings -- robbed by altars and
thrones. In the name of education his mind has been filled with mistakes, with miracles, and
lies, with the impossible, the absurd and infamous. In the name of religion he has been taught
humility and arrogance, love and hatred, forgiveness and revenge.
But the world is changing. We are tired of barbarian bibles and savage creeds.
Nothing is greater, nothing is of more importance, than to find amid the errors and darkness of
this life, a shining truth.
Truth is the intellectual wealth of the world.
The noblest of occupations is to search for truth.
Truth is the foundation, the superstructure, and the glittering dome of progress.
Truth is the mother of joy. Truth civilizes, ennobles, and purifies. The grandest ambition that
can enter the soul is to know the truth.
Truth gives man the greatest power for good. Truth is sword and shield. It is the sacred light
of the soul.
The man who finds a truth lights a torch.
HOW TRUTH IS TO BE FOUND?
By investigation, experiment and reason.
Every human being should be allowed to investigate to the extent of his desire -- his ability.
The literature of the world should be open to him -- nothing prohibited, sealed or hidden. No
subject can be too sacred to be understood. Each person should be allowed to reach his own
conclusions and to speak his honest thought.
He who threatens the investigator with punishment here, or hereafter, is an enemy of the
human race. And he who tries to bribe the investigator with the promise of eternal joy is a
traitor to his fellow-men.
There is no real investigation without freedom -- freedom from the fear of gods and men.
So, all investigation -- all experiment -- should be pursued in the light of reason.
Every man should be true to himself -- true to the inward light. Each man, in the laboratory of
his own mind, and for himself alone, should test the so-called facts -- the theories of all the
world. Truth, in accordance with his reason, should be his guide and master.
To love the truth, thus perceived, is mental virtue -- intellectual purity. This is true manhood.
This is freedom.
To throw away your reason at the command of churches, popes, parties, kings or gods, is to
be a serf, a slave.
It is not simply the right, but it is the duty of every man to think -- to investigate for himself --
and every man who tries to prevent this by force or fear, is doing all he can to degrade and
enslave his fellow-men.
EVERY MAN SHOULD BE MENTALLY HONEST-
He should preserve as his most precious jewel the perfect veracity of his soul.
He should examine all questions presented to his mind, without prejudice, -- unbiased by
hatred or love -- by desire or fear. His object and his only object should be to find the truth.
He knows, if he listens to reason, that truth is not dangerous and that error is. He should weigh
the evidence, the arguments, in honest scales -- scales that passion or interest cannot change.
He should care nothing for authority -- nothing for names, customs or creeds -- nothing for
anything that his reason does not say is true.
Of his world he should be the sovereign, and his soul should wear the purple. From his
dominions should be banished the hosts of force and fear.
HE SHOULD BE INTELLECTUALLY HOSPITABLE-
Prejudice, egotism, hatred, contempt, disdain, are the enemies of truth and progress.
The real searcher after truth will not receive the old because it is old, or reject the new because
it is new. He will not believe men because they are dead, or contradict them because they are
alive. With him an utterance is worth the truth, the reason it contains, without the slightest
regard to the author. He may have been a king or serf -- a philosopher or servant, -- but the
utterance neither gains nor loses in truth or reason. Its value is absolutely independent of the
fame or station of the man who gave it to the world.
Nothing but falsehood needs the assistance of fame and place, of robes and maitres, of tiaras
and crowns.
The wise, the really honest and intelligent, are not swayed or governed by numbers -- by
majorities.
They accept what they really believe to be true. They care nothing for the opinions of
ancestors, nothing for creeds, assertions and theories, unless they satisfy the reason.
In all directions they seek for truth, and when found, accept it with joy -- accept it in spite of
preconceived opinions -- in spite of prejudice and hatred.
This is the course pursued by wise and honest men, and no other course is possible for them.
In every department of human endeavor men are seeking for the truth -- for the facts. The
statesman reads the history of the world, gathers the statistics of all nations to the end that his
country may avoid the mistakes of the past. The geologist penetrates the rocks in search of
facts -- climbs mountains, visits the extinct craters, traverses islands and continents that he
may know something of the history of the world. He wants the truth.
The chemist, with crucible and retort, with countless experiments, is trying to find the qualities
of substances -- to ravel what nature has woven.
The great mechanics dwell in the realm of the real. They seek by natural means to conquer
and use the forces of nature. They want the truth -- the actual facts.
The physicians, the surgeons, rely on observation, experiment and reason. They become
acquainted with the human body -- with muscle, blood and nerve -- with the wonders of the
brain. They want nothing but the truth.
And so it is with the students of every science. On every hand they look for facts, and it is of
the utmost importance that they give to the world the facts they find.
Their courage should equal their intelligence. No matter what the dead have said, or the living
believe, they should tell what they know. They should have intellectual courage.
If it be good for man to find the truth -- good for him to be intellectually honest and hospitable,
then it is good for others to know the truths thus found.
Every man should have the courage to give his honest thought. This makes the finder and
publisher of truth a public benefactor.
Those who prevent, or try to prevent, the expression of honest thought, are the foes of
civilization -- the enemies of truth. Nothing can exceed the egotism and impudence of the man
who claims the right to express his thought and denies the same right to others.
It will not do to say that certain ideas are sacred, and that man has not the right to investigate
and test these ideas for himself.
Who knows that they are sacred? Can anything be sacred to us that we do not know to be
true?
For many centuries free speech has been an insult to God. Nothing has been more
blasphemous than the expression of honest thought. For many ages the lips of the wise were
sealed. The torches that truth had lighted, that courage carried and held aloft, were
extinguished with blood.
Truth has always been in favor of free speech -- has always asked to be investigated -- has
always longed to be known and understood. Freedom, discussion, honesty, investigation and
courage are the friends and allies of truth. Truth loves the light and the open field. It appeals to
the senses -- to the judgment, the reason, to all the higher and nobler faculties and powers of
the mind. It seeks to calm the passions, to destroy prejudice and to increase the volume and
intensity of reason's flame.
It does not ask man to cringe or crawl. It does not desire the worship of the ignorant or the
prayers and praises of the frightened. It says to every human being, "Think for yourself. Enjoy
the freedom of a god, and have the goodness and the courage to express your honest thought."
Why should we pursue the truth? and why should we investigate and reason? and why should
we be mentally honest and hospitable? and why should we express our honest thoughts? To
this there is but one answer: for the benefit of mankind.
The brain must be developed. The world must think. Speech must be free. The world must
learn that credulity is not a virtue and that no question is settled until reason is fully satisfied.
By these means man will overcome many of the obstructions of nature. He will cure or avoid
many diseases. He will lessen pain. He will lengthen, ennoble and enrich life. In every direction
he will increase his power. He will satisfy his wants, gratify his tastes. He will put roof and
raiment, food and fuel, home and happiness within the reach of all.
He will drive want and crime from the world. He will destroy the serpents of fear, the
monsters of superstition. He will become intelligent and free, honest and serene.
The monarch of the skies will be dethroned -- the flames of hell will be extinguished. Pious
beggars will become honest and useful men. Hypocrisy will collect no tolls from fear, lies will
not be regarded as sacred, this life will not be sacrificed for another, human beings will love
each other instead of gods, men will do right, not for the sake of reward in some other world,
but for the sake of happiness here. Man will find that Nature is the only revelation, and that
he, by his own efforts, must learn to read the stories told by star and cloud, by rock and soil,
by sea and stream, by rain and fire, by plant and flower, by life in all its curious forms, and all
the things and forces of the world.
When he reads these stories, these records, he will know that man must rely on himself -- that
the supernatural does not exist, and that man must be the providence of man.
It is impossible to conceive of an argument against the freedom of thought -- against
maintaining your self-respect and preserving the spotless and stainless veracity of the soul.
II. All that I have said seems to be true -- almost self-evident, -- and you may ask who it is
that says slavery is better than liberty. Let me tell you.
All the popes and priests, all the orthodox churches and clergymen, say that they have a
revelation from God.
The Protestants say that it is the duty of every person to read, to understand, and to believe
this revelation -- that a man should use his reason; but if he honestly concludes that the Bible
is not a revelation from God, and dies with that conclusion in his mind, he will be tormented
forever. They say: -- "Read," and then add: "Believe, or be damned."
"No matter how unreasonable the Bible may appear to you, you must believe. No matter how
impossible the miracles may seem, you must believe. No matter how cruel the laws, your heart
must approve them all!"
This is what the church calls the liberty of thought.
We read the Bible under the scowl and threat of God. We read by the glare of hell. On one
side is the devil, with the instruments of torture in his hands. On the other, God, ready to
launch the infinite curse. And the church says to the readers: "You are free to decide. God is
good, and he gives you the liberty to choose."
The popes and the priests say to the poor people: "You need not read the Bible. You cannot
understand it. That is the reason it is called a revelation. We will read it for you, and you must
believe what we say. We carry the key of hell. Contradict us and you will become eternal
convicts in the prison of God."
This is the freedom of the Catholic Church.
And all these priests and clergymen insist that the Bible is superior to human reason -- that it is
the duty of man to accept it -- to believe it, whether he really thinks it is true or not, and
without the slightest regard to evidence or reason.
It is his duty to cast out from the temple of his soul the goddess Reason, and bow before the
coiled serpent of Fear.
This is what the church calls virtue.
Under these conditions what can thought be worth? The brain, swept by the sirocco of God's
curse, becomes a desert.
But this is not all. To compel man to desert the standard of Reason, the church does not
entirely rely on the threat of eternal pain to be endured in another world, but holds out the
reward of everlasting joy.
To those who believe, it promises the endless ecstasies of heaven. If it cannot frighten, it will
bribe. It relies on fear and hope.
A religion, to command the respect of intelligent men, should rest on a foundation of
established facts. It should appeal, not to passion, not to hope and fear, but to the judgment. It
should ask that all the faculties of the mind, all the senses, should assemble and take counsel
together, and that its claims be passed upon and tested without prejudice, without fear, in the
calm of perfect candor.
But the church cries: "Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ and thou shalt be saved." Without this
belief there is no salvation. Salvation is the reward for belief.
Belief is, and forever must be, the result of evidence. A promised reward is not evidence. It
sheds no intellectual light. It establishes no fact, answers no objection, and dissipates no doubt.
Is it honest to offer a reward for belief?
The man who gives money to a judge or juror for a decision or verdict is guilty of a crime.
Why? Because he induces the judge, the juror, to decide, not according to the law, to the
facts, the right, but according to the bribe.
The bribe is not evidence.
So, the promise of Christ to reward those who will believe is a bribe. It is an attempt to make a
promise take the place of evidence. He who says that he believes, and does this for the sake of
the reward, corrupts his soul.
Suppose I should say that at the center of the earth there is a diamond one hundred miles in
diameter, and that I would give ten thousand dollars to any man who would believe my
statement. Could such a promise be regarded as evidence?
Intelligent people would ask not for rewards, but reasons. Only hypocrites would ask for the
money.
Yet, according to the New Testament, Christ offered a reward to those who would believe,
and this promised reward was to take the place of evidence. When Christ made this promise
he forgot, ignored, or held in contempt the rectitude of a brave, free and natural soul.
The declaration that salvation is the reward for belief is inconsistent with mental freedom, and
could have been made by no man who thought that evidence sustained the slightest relation to
belief.
Every sermon in which men have been told that they could save their souls by believing, has
been an injury. Such sermons dull the moral sense and subvert the true conception of virtue
and duty.
The true man, when asked to believe, asks for evidence. The true man, who asks another to
believe, offers evidence.
But this is not all.
In spite of the threat of eternal pain -- of the promise of everlasting joy, unbelievers increased,
and the churches took another step.
The churches said to the unbelievers, the heretics: "Although our God will punish you forever
in another world -- in his prison -- the doors of which open only to receive, we, unless you
believe, will torment you now."
And then the members of these churches, led by priests, popes, and clergymen, sought out
their unbelieving neighbors -- chained them in dungeons, stretched them on racks, crushed
their bones, cut out their tongues, extinguished their eyes, flayed them alive and consumed
their poor bodies in flames.
All this was done because these Christian savages believed in the dogma of eternal pain.
Because they believed that heaven was the reward for belief. So believing, they were the
enemies of free thought and speech -- they cared nothing for conscience, nothing for the
veracity of a soul, -- nothing for the manhood of a man. In all ages most priests have been
heartless and relentless. They have calumniated and tortured. In defeat they have crawled and
whined. In victory they have killed. The flower of pity never blossomed in their hearts and in
their brain. Justice never held aloft the scales. Now they are not as cruel. They have lost their
power, but they are still trying to accomplish the impossible. They fill their pockets with "fool's
gold" and think they are rich. They stuff their minds with mistakes and think they are wise.
They console themselves with legends and myths, have faith in fiction and forgery -- give their
hearts to ghosts and phantoms and seek the aid of the non-existent.
They put a monster -- a master -- a tyrant in the sky, and seek to enslave their fellow-men.
They teach the cringing virtues of serfs. They abhor the courage of manly men. They hate the
man who thinks. They long for revenge.
They warm their hands at the imaginary fires of hell.
I show them that hell does not exist and they denounce me for destroying their consolation.
Horace Greeley, as the story goes, one cold day went into a country store, took a seat by the
stove, unbuttoned his coat and spread out his hands.
In a few minutes, a little boy who clerked in the store said: "Mr. Greeley, there ain't no fire in
that stove."
"You d----d little rascal," said Greeley, "What did you tell me for, I was getting real warm."
III. THE SCIENCE OF THEOLOGY-
All the sciences -- except Theology -- are eager for facts -- hungry for the truth. On the brow
of a finder of a fact the laurel is placed.
In a theological seminary, if a professor finds a fact inconsistent with the creed, he must keep
it secret or deny it, or lose his place. Mental veracity is a crime, cowardice and hypocrisy are
virtues.
A fact, inconsistent with the creed, is denounced as a lie, and the man who declares or
announces the fact is a blasphemer. Every professor breathes the air of insincerity. Every one
is mentally dishonest. Every one is a pious fraud. Theology is the only dishonest science -- the
only one that is based on belief -- on credulity, -- the only one that abhors investigation, that
despises thought and denounces reason.
All the great theologians in the Catholic Church have denounced reason as the light furnished
by the enemy of mankind -- as the road that leads to perdition. All the great Protestant
theologians, from Luther to the orthodox clergy of our time, have been the enemies of reason.
All orthodox churches of all ages have been the enemies of science. They attacked the
astronomers as though they were criminals -- the geologists as though they were assassins.
They regarded physicians as the enemies of God -- as men who were trying to defeat the
decrees of Providence. The biologists, the anthropologists, the archaeologists, the readers of
ancient inscriptions, the delvers in buried cities, were all hated by the theologians. They were
afraid that these men might find something inconsistent with the Bible.
The theologians attacked those who studied other religions. They insisted that Christianity was
not a growth -- not an evolution -- but a revelation. They denied that it was in any way
connected with any natural religion.
The facts now show beyond all doubt that all religions came from substantially the same
source -- but there is not an orthodox Christian theologian who will admit the facts. He must
defend his creed -- his revelation. He cannot afford to be honest. He was not educated in an
honest school. He was not taught to be honest. He was taught to believe and to defend his
belief, not only against argument but against facts.
There is not a theologian in the whole world who can produce the slightest, the least particle of
evidence tending to show that the Bible is the inspired word of God.
Where is the evidence that the book of Ruth was written by an inspired man? Where is the
evidence that God is the author of the Song of Solomon? Where is the evidence that any
human being has been inspired? Where is the evidence that Christ was and is God? Where is
the evidence that the places called heaven and hell exist? Where is the evidence that a miracle
was ever wrought?
There is none.
Theology is entirely independent of evidence.
Where is the evidence that angels and ghosts -- that devils and gods exist? Have these beings
been seen or touched? Does one of our senses certify to their existence?
The theologians depend on assertions. They have no evidence. They claim that their inspired
book is superior to reason and independent of evidence.
They talk about probability -- analogy -- inferences -- but they present no evidence. They say
that they know that Christ lived, in the same way that they know that Caesar lived. They
might add that they know Moses talked with Jehovah on Sinai the same way they know that
Brigham Young talked with God in Utah. The evidence in both cases is the same, -- none in
either.
How do they prove that Christ rose from the dead? They find the account in a book. Who
wrote the book? They do not know. What evidence is this? None, unless all things found in
books are true.
It is impossible to establish one miracle except by another -- and that would have to be
established by another still, and so on without end. Human testimony is not sufficient to
establish a miracle. Each human being, to be really convinced, must witness the miracle for
himself.
They say that Christianity was established, proven to be true, by miracles wrought nearly two
thousand years ago. Not one of these miracles can be established except by impudent and
ignorant assertion -- except by poisoning and deforming the minds of the ignorant and the
young. To succeed, the theologians invade the cradle, the nursery. In the brain of innocence
they plant the seeds of superstition. They pollute the minds and imaginations of children. They
frighten the happy with threats of pain -- they soothe the wretched with gilded lies.
This perpetual insincerity stamps itself on the face -- affects every feature. We all know the
theological countenance, -- cold, unsympathetic, cruel, lighted with a pious smirk, -- no line of
laughter -- no dimpled mirth -- no touch of humor -- nothing human.
This face is a rebuke, a reprimand to natural joy. It says to the happy: "Beware of the dog" --
"Prepare for death." This face, like the fabled Gorgon, turns cheerfulness to stone. It is a
protest against pleasure -- a warning and a threat.
You see every soul is a sculptor that fashions the features, and in this way reveals itself.
Every thought leaves its impress.
The student of this science of theology must be taught in youth, -- in his mother's arms. These
lies must be sown and planted in his brain the first of all. He must be taught to believe, to
accept without question. He must be told that it is wicked to doubt, that it is sinful to inquire --
that Faith is a virtue and unbelief a crime.
In this way his mind is poisoned, paralyzed. On all other subjects he has liberty -- and in all
other directions he is urged to study and think. From his mother's arms he goes to the Sunday
school. His poor little mind is filled with miracles and wonders. He is told about a God who
made the world and who rewards and punishes. He is told that this God is the author of the
Bible -- that Christ is his son. He is told about original sin and the atonement, and he believes
what he hears. No reasons are given -- no facts -- no evidence is presented -- nothing but
assertion. If he asks questions, he is silenced by more solemn assertions and warned against
the devices of the evil one. Every Sunday school is a kind of inquisition where they torture and
deform the minds of children -- where they force their souls into Catholic or Protestant molds
-- and do all they can to destroy the originality, the individuality, and the veracity of the soul.
In the theological seminary the destruction is complete.
When the minister leaves the seminary, he is not seeking the truth. He has it. He has a
revelation from God, and he has a creed in exact accordance with that revelation. His business
is to stand by that revelation and to defend that creed. Arguments against the revelation and
the creed he will not read, he will not hear. All facts that are against his religion he will deny. It
is impossible for him to be candid. The tremendous "verities" of eternal joy, of everlasting pain
are in his creed, and they result from believing the false and denying the true.
Investigation is an infinite danger, unbelief is an infinite offence and deserves and will receive
infinite punishment. In the shadow of this tremendous "fact" his courage dies, his manhood is
lost, and in his fear he cries out that he believes, whether he does or not.
He says and teaches that credulity is safe and thought dangerous. Yet he pretends to be a
teacher -- a leader, one selected by God to educate his fellow-men.
These orthodox ministers have been the slanderers of the really great men of our century.
They denounced Lyell, the great geologist, for giving facts to the world. They hated and
belittled Humboldt, one of the greatest and most intellectual of the race. They ridiculed and
derided Darwin, the greatest naturalist, the keenest observer, the best judge of the value of a
fact, the most wonderful discoverer of truth that the world has produced.
In every orthodox pulpit stood a traducer of the greatest of scientists -- of one who filled the
world with intellectual light.
The church has been the enemy of every science, of every real thinker, and for many
centuries has used her power to prevent intellectual progress.
Ministers ought to be free. They should be the heralds of the ever coming day, but they are
the bats, the owls that inhabit ruins, that hate the light. They denounce honest men who
express their thoughts, as blasphemers, and do what they can to close their mouths. For their
Bible they ask the protection of law. They wish to be shielded from laughter by the
Legislature. They ask that the arguments of their opponents be answered by the courts. This is
the result of a due admixture of cowardice, hypocrisy and malice.
What valuable fact has been proclaimed from an orthodox pulpit? What ecclesiastical council
has added to the intellectual wealth of the world?
Many centuries ago the church gave to Christendom a code of laws, stupid, unphilosophic and
brutal to the last degree.
The church insists that it has made man merciful and just. Did it do this by torturing heretics --
by extinguishing their eyes -- by flaying them alive? Did it accomplish this result through the
Inquisition -- by the use of the thumb-screw, the rack and the fagot? Of what science has the
church been the friend and champion? What orthodox church has opened its doors to a
persecuted truth? Of what use has Christianity been to man?
They tell us that the church has been and is the friend of education. I deny it. The church
founded colleges not to educate men, but to make proselytes, converts, defenders. This was in
accordance with the instinct of self-preservation. No orthodox church ever was, or ever will be
in favor of real education. A Catholic is in favor of enough education to make a Catholic out of
a savage, and the Protestant is in favor of enough education to make a Protestant out of a
Catholic, but both are opposed to the education that makes free and manly men.
So, ministers say that they teach charity. This is natural. They live on alms. All beggars teach
that others should give.
So, they tell us that the church has built hospitals. This is not true. Men have not built
hospitals because they were Christians, but because they were men. They have not built them
for charity -- but in self-defence.
If a man comes to your door with the smallpox, you cannot let him in, you cannot kill him. As
a necessity, you provide a place for him. And you do this to protect yourself. With this
Christianity has had nothing to do.
The church cannot give, because it does not produce. It is claimed that the church has made
men and women forgiving. I admit that the church has preached forgiveness, but it has never
forgiven an enemy -- never. Against the great and brave thinkers it has coined and circulated
countless lies. Never has the church told, or tried to tell, the truth about an honest foe.
The church teaches the existence of the supernatural. It believes in the divine sleight-of-hand --
in the "presto" and "open sesame" of the Infinite; in some invisible Being who produces effects
without causes and causes without effects; whose caprice governs the world and who can be
persuaded by prayer, softened by ceremony, and who will, as a reward for faith, save men
from the natural consequences of their actions.
The church denies the eternal, inexorable sequence of events.
WHAT GOOD HAS THE CHURCH ACCOMPLISHED?
It claims to have preached peace because its founder said, "I came not to bring peace but a
sword."
It claims to have preserved the family because its founder offered a hundred-fold here and life
everlasting to those who would desert wife and children.
So, it claims to have taught the brotherhood of man and that the gospel is for all the world,
because Christ said to the woman of Samaria that he came only to the lost sheep of the house
of Israel, and declared that it was not meet to take the bread of the children and cast it unto
dogs.
In the name of Christ, who threatened eternal revenge. It has preached forgiveness.
OF WHAT USE ARE THE ORTHODOX MINISTERS?
They are the enemies of pleasure. They denounce dancing as one of the deadly sins. They are
shocked at the wickedness of the waltz -- the pollution of the polka. They are the enemies of
the theater. They slander actors and actresses. They hate them because they are rivals. They
are trying to preserve the sacredness of the Sabbath. It fills them with malice to see the people
happy on that day. They preach against excursions and picnics -- against those who seek the
woods and the sea, the shadows and the waves. They are filled with holy wrath against
bicycles and bloomers. They are opposed to divorces. They insist that for the glory of God,
husbands and wives who loathe each other should be compelled to live together. They abhor
all works of fiction, and love the Bible. They declare that the literary master-pieces of the
world are unfit to be read. They think that the people should be satisfied with sermons and
poems about death and hell. They hate art -- abhor the marbles of the Greeks, and all
representations of the human form. They want nothing painted or sculptured but hands, faces
and clothes. Most of the priests are prudes, and publicly denounce what they secretly admire
and enjoy. In the presence of the nude they cover their faces with their holy hands, but keep
their fingers apart. They pretend to believe in moral suasion, and want everything regulated by
law. If they had the power, they would prohibit everything that men and women really enjoy.
They want libraries, museums and art galleries closed on the Sabbath. They would abolish the
Sunday paper -- stop the running of cars and all public conveyances on the holy day, and
compel all the people to enjoy sermons, prayers and psalms.
These dear ministers, when they have poor congregations, thunder against trusts, syndicates,
and corporations -- against wealth, fashion and luxury. They tell about Dives and Lazarus,
paint rich men in hell and beggars in heaven. If their congregations are rich they turn their guns
in the other direction.
They have no confidence in education -- in the development of the brain. They appeal to
hopes and fears. They ask no one to think -- to investigate. They insist that all shall believe.
Credulity is the greatest of virtues, and doubt the deadliest of sins.
These men are the enemies of science -- of intellectual progress. They ridicule and calumniate
the great thinkers. They deny everything that conflicts with the "sacred Scriptures." They still
believe in the astronomy of Joshua and the geology of Moses. They believe in the miracles of
the past, and deny the demonstrations of the present. They are the foes of facts -- the enemies
of knowledge. A desire to be happy here, they regard as wicked and worldly -- but a desire to
be happy in another world, as virtuous and spiritual.
Every orthodox church is founded on mistake and falsehood. Every good orthodox minister
asserts what he does not know, and denies what he does know.
WHAT ARE THE ORTHODOX CLERGY DOING FOR THE GOOD OF
MANKIND?
Absolutely nothing.
What harm are they doing?
On every hand they sow the seeds of superstition. They paralyze the minds, and pollute the
imaginations of children. They fill their hearts with fear. By their teachings, thousands become
insane. With them, hypocrisy is respectable and candor infamous. They enslave the minds of
men. Under their teachings men waste and misdirect their energies, abandon the ends that can
be accomplished, dedicate their lives to the impossible, worship the unknown, pray to the
inconceivable, and become the trembling slaves of a monstrous myth born of ignorance and
fashioned by the trembling hands of fear.
Superstition is the serpent that crawls and hisses in every Eden and fastens its poisonous fangs
in the hearts of men.
It is the deadliest foe of the human race.
Superstition is a beggar -- a robber, a tyrant.
Science is a benefactor.
Superstition sheds blood.
Science sheds light.
The dear preachers must give up the account of creation -- the Garden of Eden, the mud-man,
the rib-woman, and the walking, talking, snake. They must throw away the apple, the fall of
man, the expulsion, and the gate guarded by angels armed with swords. They must give up the
flood and the tower of Babel and the confusion of tongues. They must give up Abraham and
the wrestling match between Jacob and the Lord. So, the story of Joseph, the enslavement of
the Hebrews by the Egyptians, the story of Moses in the bulrushes, the burning bush, the
turning of sticks into serpents, of water into blood, the miraculous creation of frogs, the killing
of cattle with hail and changing dust into lice, all must be given up. The sojourn of forty years
in the desert, the opening of the Red Sea, the clothes and shoes that refused to wear out, the
manna, the quails and the serpents, the water that ran up hill, the talking of Jehovah with
Moses face to face, the giving of the Ten Commandments, the opening of the earth to swallow
the enemies of Moses -- all must be thrown away.
These good preachers must admit that blowing horns could not throw down the walls of a city,
that it was horrible for Jephthah to sacrifice his daughter, that the day was not lengthened and
the moon stopped for the sake of Joshua, that the dead Samuel was not raised by a witch, that
a man was not carried to heaven in a chariot of fire, that the river Jordan was not divided by
the stroke of a cloak, that the bears did not destroy children for laughing at a prophet, that a
wandering soothsayer did not collect lightnings from heaven to destroy the lives of innocent
men, that he did not cause rain and make iron float, that ravens did not keep a hotel where
preachers got board and lodging free, that the shadow on a dial was not turned back ten
degrees to show that a king was going to recover from a boil, that Ezekiel was not told by God
how to prepare a dinner, that Jonah did not take cabin passage in a fish -- and that all the
miracles in the old Testament are not allegories, or poems, but just old-fashioned lies. And the
dear preachers will be compelled to admit that there never was a miraculous babe without a
natural father, that Christ, if he lived, was a man and nothing more. That he did not cast devils
out of folks -- that he did not cure blindness with spittle and clay, nor turn water into wine, nor
make fishes and loaves of bread out of nothing -- that he did not know where to catch fishes
with money in their mouths -- that he did not take a walk on the water -- that he did not at will
become invisible -- that he did not pass through closed doors -- that he did not raise the dead --
that angels never rolled stones from a sepulchre -- that Christ did not rise from the dead and
did not ascend to heaven.
All these mistakes and illusions and delusions -- all these miracles and myths must fade from
the minds of intelligent men.
My dear preachers, I beg you to tell the truth. Tell your congregations that Moses was not the
author of the Pentateuch. Tell them that nobody knows who wrote the five books. Tell them
that Deuteronomy was not written until about six hundred years before Christ. Tell them that
nobody knows who wrote Joshua, or Judges, or Ruth, Samuel, Kings, or Chronicles, Job, or
the Psalms, or the Song of Solomon. Be honest, tell the truth. Tell them that nobody knows
who wrote Esther -- that Ecclesiastes was written long after Christ -- that many of the
prophecies were written after the events pretended to be foretold had happened. Tell them that
Ezekiel and Daniel were insane. Tell them that nobody knows who wrote the gospels, and tell
them that no line about Christ written by a contemporary has been found. Tell them it is all
guess -- and may be, and perhaps. Be honest. Tell the truth, develop your brains, use all your
senses and hold high the torch of Reason.
In a few years the pulpits will be filled with teachers instead of preachers -- with thoughtful
brave, and honest men. The congregations will be civilized -- intellectually honest and
hospitable.
Now, most of the ministers insist that the old falsehoods shall be treated with reverence -- that
ancient lies with long white beards -- wrinkled and bald-headed frauds -- round-shouldered and
toothless miracles, and palsied mistakes on crutches, shall be called allegories, parables,
oriental imagery, inspired poems. In their presence the ungodly should remove their hats. They
should respect the mould and moss of antiquity. They should remember that these lies, these
frauds, the miracles and mistakes, have for thousands of years ruled, enslaved, and corrupted
the human race.
These ministers ought to know that their creeds are based on imagined facts and demonstrated
by assertion.
They ought to know that they have no evidence, -- nothing but promises and threats. They
ought to know that it is impossible to conceive of force existing without and before matter --
that it is equally impossible to conceive of matter without force -- that it is impossible to
conceive of the creation or destruction of matter or force, -- that it is impossible to conceive of
infinite intelligence dwelling from eternity in infinite space, and that it is impossible to conceive
of the creator, or creation, of substance.
The God of the Christian is an enthroned guess -- a perhaps -- an inference.
No man, and no body of men, can answer the questions of the Whence and Whither. The
mystery of existence cannot be explained by the intellect of man.
Back of life, of existence, we cannot go -- beyond death we cannot see. All duties, all
obligations, all knowledge, all experience, are for this life, for this world.
We know that men and women and children exist. We know that happiness, for the most part,
depends on conduct.
We are satisfied that all the gods are phantoms and that the supernatural does not exist.
We know the difference between hope and knowledge, we hope for happiness here and we
dream of joy hereafter, but we do not know. We cannot assert, we can only hope. We can
have our dream. In the wide night our star can shine and shed its radiance on the graves of
those we love. We can bend above our pallid dead and say that beyond this life there are no
sighs -- no tears -- no breaking hearts.
CONCLUSION-
Let us be honest. Let us preserve the veracity of our souls. Let education commence in the
cradle -- in the lap of the loving mother. This is the first school. The teacher, the mother,
should be absolutely honest.
The nursery should not be an asylum for lies.
Parents should be modest enough to be truthful -- honest enough to admit their ignorance.
Nothing should be taught as true that cannot be demonstrated.
Every child should be taught to doubt, to inquire, to demand reasons. Every soul should
defend itself -- should be on its guard against falsehood, deceit, and mistake, and should
beware of all kinds of confidence men, including those in the pulpit.
Children should be taught to express their doubts -- to demand reasons. The object of
education should be to develop the brain, to quicken the senses. Every school should be a
mental gymnasium. The child should be equipped for the battle of life. Credulity, implicit
obedience, are the virtues of slaves and the enslaves of the free. All should be taught that there
is nothing too sacred to be investigated -- too holy to be understood.
Each mind has the right to lift all curtains, withdraw all veils, scale all walls, explore all
recesses, all heights, all depths for itself, in spite of church or priest, or creed or book.
The great volume of Nature should be open to all. None but the intelligent and honest can
really read this book. Prejudice clouds and darkens every page. Hypocrisy reads and
misquotes, and credulity accepts the quotation. Superstition cannot read a line or spell the
shortest word. And yet this volume holds all knowledge, all truth, and is the only source of
thought. Mental liberty means the right of all to read this book. Here the Pope and Peasant are
equal. Each must read for himself -- and each ought honestly and fearlessly to give to his
fellow-men what he learns.
There is no authority in churches or priests -- no authority in numbers or majorities. The only
authority is Nature -- the facts we know. Facts are the masters, the enemies of the ignorant,
the servants and friends of the intelligent.
Ignorance is the mother of mystery and misery, of superstition and sorrow, of waste and want.
Intelligence is the only light. It enables us to keep to the highway, to avoid the obstructions,
and to take advantage of the forces of nature. It is the only lever capable of raising mankind.
To develop the brain is to civilize the world. Intelligence reeves the heavens of winged and
frightful monsters -- drives ghosts and leering fiends from the darkness, and floods with light
the dungeons of fear.
All should be taught that there is no evidence of the existence of the supernatural -- that the
man who bows before an idol of wood or stone is just as foolish as the one who prays to an
imagined God, -- that all worship has for its foundation the same mistake -- the same
ignorance, the same fear -- that it is just as foolish to believe in a personal god as in a personal
devil -- just as foolish to believe in great ghosts as little ones.
So, all should be taught that the forces, the facts in Nature, cannot be controlled or changed by
prayer or praise, by supplication, ceremony, or sacrifice; that there is no magic, no miracle;
that force can be overcome only by force, and that the whole world is natural.
All should be taught that man must protect himself -- that there is no power superior to Nature
that cares for man -- that Nature has neither pity nor hatred -- that her forces act without the
slightest regard for man -- that she produces without intention and destroys without regret.
All should be taught that usefulness is the bud and flower and fruit of real religion. The popes
and cardinals, the bishops, priests and parsons are all useless. They produce nothing. They live
on the labor of others. They are parasites that feed on the frightened. They are vampires that
suck the blood of honest toil. Every church is an organized beggar. Every one lives on alms --
on alms collected by force and fear. Every orthodox church promises heaven and threatens
hell, and these promises and threats are made for the sake of alms, for revenue. Every church
cries: "Believe and give."
A new era is dawning on the world. We are beginning to believe in the religion of usefulness.
The men who felled the forests, cultivated the earth, spanned the rivers with bridges of steel,
built the railways and canals, the great ships, invented the locomotives and engines, supplying
the countless wants of man: the men who invented the telegraphs and cables, and freighted the
electric spark with thought and love; the men who invented the looms and spindles that clothe
the world, the inventors of printing and the great presses that fill the earth with poetry, fiction
and fact, that save and keep all knowledge for the children yet to be; the inventors of all the
wonderful machines that deftly mold from wood and steel the things we use; the men who
have explored the heavens and traced the orbits of the stars -- who have read the story of the
world in mountain range and billowed sea; the men who have lengthened life and conquered
pain; the great philosophers and naturalists who have filled the world with light; the great poets
whose thoughts have charmed the souls, the great painters and sculptors who have made the
canvas speak, the marble live; the great orators who have swayed the world, the composers
who have given their souls to sound, the captains of industry, the producers, the soldiers who
have battled for the right, the vast host of useful men -- these are our Christs, our apostles and
our saints. The triumphs of science are our miracles. The books filled with the facts of Nature
are our sacred scriptures, and the force that is in every atom and in every star -- in everything
that lives and grows and thinks, that hopes and suffers, is the only possible god.
The absolute we cannot know -- beyond the horizon of the Natural we cannot go. All our
duties are within our reach -- all our obligations must be discharged here, in this world. Let us
love and labor. Let us wait and work. Let us cultivate courage and cheerfulness -- open our
hearts to the good -- our minds to the true. Let us live free lives. Let us hope that the future
will bring peace and joy to all the children of men, and above all, let us preserve the veracity
of our souls.